WeChat is the operating system of daily life in China. It offers instant messaging, social networking, gaming, payment services, shopping, third-party services, government service and smart home services. This White Paper gives an overview of the value networks of these value propositions and some highlights of the governance structure of the WeChat ecosystem.

Apple Pay and Apple Card have inserted themselves in the payment ecosystem at the point where it matters: The user interface. This white paper presents their value propositions, value networks and profit models for Apple.

We analyze the value propositions of credit card transactions for stakeholders in the credit card ecosystem, present the value network of credit card transactions and summarize the profit model for card associations.